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Extraordinary Humans Documentaries medicine disease health medicine Favorite trailer magnet YEAR: 2010 | LENGTH: 4 parts ( 46 minutes each ) | SOURCE: NATGEO description: National Geographic explores the science behind bones, blood, muscles, and skin. Your email address will not be published. The Table lists: pathways names and IDs, pathway p-Values, numbers of pathway metabolites showing human-specific concentration profiles, numbers of enzymes showing human-specific expression, numbers of enzymes showing human-specific expression profiles, numbers of pairs of directly linked enzymes and metabolites with human-specific expression and concentration level profiles, as well as p-Values indicating probabilities to find equal or greater numbers of enzymes or linked enzymes in metabolites sets randomly sampled 100 times. (b) Proportions of peaks specific to a given tissue based on the cluster analysis. Without the corset on, her waist comes in at a little over 53 centimeters. Metabolites directly linked to the enzymes with a human-specific expression profile in these tissues are indicated by darker shades of red and blue. The colors represent 13 metabolite clusters colored according to the tissue-specificity of the cluster concentration profiles: shades of red indicating brain-specific clusters, shades of blue: muscle-specific, and shades of green: kidney-specific clusters. We used metabolite annotation from both HMDB and KEGG databases to link the metabolites to metabolic pathways. e1001871. Sponsored By. The silhouette value reflects the quality of clustering favoring well-separated compact clusters. List of peaks illustrated in Figure 3c. One is the extraordinary evidence of human creativity in all of the presentations that we've had and in all of the people here. Peaks showing p<0.01 and FDR<5% in 1,000 permutations were considered significant. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; []LC-MS, peaks distinct from the background, which we define as a measurable peak width at the level of 10% of its apex. The third and perhaps most unexpected observation is a striking excess of human-specific metabolic divergence in skeletal muscle. All groups of metabolites showing species-specific concentration levels in different tissues were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database resource (permutation p<0.01, Table S11). extraordinary meaning: 1. very unusual, special, unexpected, or strange: 2. a special meeting that happens between. Notably, this observation contrasts with evolutionary divergence at the transcriptome level where overall transcriptome divergence largely follows genetic distances in all tissues (Figure S14). And with that, allow me to . The Amazing Human Body DVD. We use cookies to enhance the usability of our website. Many additional factors including ones potentially favoring nonhuman primates, such as difference in muscle mass distribution between front and hind limbs [17],[18], as well as ones favoring humans, such as motivation to perform, could not be accounted for in our experiment. Percentage of peaks affected by postmortem delay among metabolic peaks in different datasets, as well as all peaks combined (ALL). 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Abbreviations: (a) Functional units of KEGG pathways containing significant excesses of metabolites with human-specific concentration profiles in PFC and skeletal muscle. Bones 02. CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Affiliation Smooth muscle is under involuntary control and is found in the walls of blood vessels and of structures such as the urinary bladder, the intestines, and the stomach. Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may contain errors. For human experiments, a total of 42 human individuals were tested. And can they find a way to lower the symptoms? RIN, RNA Integrity Number. Similarly, significant agreement between metabolite concentration and enzyme expression profiles was seen on the macaque evolutionary lineage for tissues containing large numbers of macaque-specific metabolic changes: V1, kidney, cerebral cortex, whole brain, and skeletal muscle. Numbers and borderlines of different shades of gray indicate metabolite groups showing correlated concentration profiles across multiple pathways. as a result of wrong impulse firing erratically to the muscles. Rotation is one of the most-important actions of the cervical (neck) spine. Multiple muscles in the back function specifically in movements of the back. This result was also observed for the three mass spectrometry datasets analyzed separately, was robust at various statistical significance cutoffs, could be validated by metabolite measurements overlapping between LC- and GC-MS techniques, was valid for both annotated and unannotated metabolite peaks, and was not affected by exclusion of metabolites with low concentration levels (Tables S8, S9, S10, Figures S8, S9). The columns show the concentration values followed by t-test p-Values conducted for each species in each tissue. The numbers represent the percentage of overlapping metabolites among all metabolites detected in the dataset, with the ratio of human-specific to other species-specific metabolites among the overlapping ones in parentheses. The last column shows annotation of peaks identified in the database search. Other mutations can lead to extra . The difference in concentration levels of each metabolite between humans and chimpanzees and rhesus macaques is given next to the respective metabolite. ANOVA and t-test significance levels were corrected for multiple testing and the FDR levels at different nominal test significance levels were estimates by sample label permutations. extraordinary humans muscles transcriptwhat happened to mekhi brown. A mutation in a gene that makes a muscle protein can lead to a condition where muscle cells grow bigger, leading to a very muscular physique, even in children. Genomic and gene expression surveys have demonstrated how comparative studies of humans and closely related primate species can lead to identification of evolutionarily, physiologically, and medically relevant features characteristic of humans [1],[2], including changes related to metabolism [3]. The tissue samples were first powdered using a mortar and pestle cooled by liquid nitrogen and then separated into two parts for the metabolite and RNA extraction procedures. Both of the people in the documentary live with genetic conditions caused by their muscles. Cameras follow a 12-year-old with a bulging vascular malformation caused by abnormal blood vessels as he undergoes a risky procedure to have it diminished. human muscle system, the muscles of the human body that work the skeletal system, that are under voluntary control, and that are concerned with movement, posture, and balance. Based on the gene expression measurements of the 120 tissue samples we searched for genes showing expression profiles specific to a particular tissue and specific to a particular species in a given tissue. For us humans, the things that make one different from someone else can be as simple as hair color, eye color, or height. Thus, metabolite concentration differences among tissues could be confirmed by expression-level differences in corresponding genes, and these metabolite concentration differences represent some of the known functional properties of the tissues. (a) Dendrogram of 9,603 metabolite peaks after hierarchical clustering, based on concentration profile correlations across tissues in all four species. Double homeobox 4 (DUX4) is an early embryonic transcription factor whose expression in the skeletal muscle causes facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD).Despite decades of research, our knowledge of FSHD and DUX4 biology is incomplete, and the disease has currently no cures or targeted therapies. The remarkable excess of human-specific metabolic divergence in the skeletal muscle, PFC, and in the brain as a whole, but not in V1 or the kidney, could be clearly visualized when grouping all species-specific metabolic changes found on the human, chimpanzee, and macaque evolutionary lineages (Figure 3c, Table S7). RT outside of the range of 0.75 min of the RTs of any of the used internal standards (IS) RTs or, if the peak shares the same mass with any of the IS, outside of the range of 1.5 of the RT of this IS. These metabolic changes could not be attributed to environmental conditions and were confirmed against the expression of their corresponding enzymes. cerebellar cortex; CE-MS, Morbi eu nulla vehicula, sagittis tortor id, fermentum nunc. Could the stark excess of human-specific metabolic changes found in some of the examined tissues be caused by environmental factors, such as diet, stress, or physical activity? Daniel Lieberman's Edge Bio Page. Dr. Stuart Phillips. The second person is Ami Ankileweitz. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s015. Yes Samples also used for the transcriptome measurements using RNA-seq and additional metabolite measurements using CE-MS are marked with 1 in the respective columns. Wrote the paper: PK KB. The greater number of samples belonging to cerebral cortex and brain, compared with individual tissue categories, results in the greater statistical power of tests performed on these composite tissue samples. The shape of the symbols represents the individual's sex: circles: females, diamonds: males. ANOVA, Copyright: 2014 Bozek et al. Twelve male macaque monkeys were used for this purpose. Step 2: Choose the video for your lesson. Please check the corresponding audio before quoting in print. In the link-based analysis (ii) we tested only the overrepresentation of enzymes showing corresponding expression profiles directly linked to the cluster metabolites or species-specific metabolites in KEGG annotation. You can customize a TED-Ed Animation, or visit our video . Clustering of species-specific metabolites and KEGG pathways in skeletal muscle. To separate the organic from the aqueous phase, 500 l of an H2Omethanol mix (31 [v/v) was added to the supernatant, vortexed, and centrifuged (5 min; 14,000 g). In the search for KEGG pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles, we used all metabolites measured in this study as a background for the hypergeometric and permutation tests. PK was supported by the Foreign Expert 1000 Talents Plan program; KB was supported by a Chinese Academy of Sciences fellowship (2011Y1SB06). Yes Here, we bring together information on the alterations in the rates of synthesis and degradation of human muscle protein by different types of exercise and the influences of . Here we use RNAseq to profile mRNA expression in skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues from mice and rats. peaks present at the level of 10,000 AU in 50% of samples of any particular species and tissue. The star signs show average normalized concentration levels of all cluster peaks within one tissue. To investigate this, we conducted a series of experiments aimed at providing an approximate estimate of muscular strength in a pulling task accomplished by humans (n=42), chimpanzees (n=5), and macaques (n=6) (Movie S1). National Geographic explores the science behind bones, blood, muscles, and skin. One of them is Jason Dunn, a 35 year old guy that lives with Dystonia, a rare disorder causing his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. garbage disposals is something normal. On the molecular level, such experiments could involve isolation of individual muscle types or functional groups and testing of their contractile properties. This excess was significantly greater than expected from phylogenetic time-based divergence estimates (linear regression p<0.01). Among these individuals, four were professional climbers and 12 were engaged in regular physical activities. 2 Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland. By contrast, the effects of sex, age, and tissue preservation on metabolite concentration variation were substantially smaller: on average <1, 12, and 8% of all the assayed metabolite peaks were affected by one of these factors, respectively (Figure 1d, Table S4). Muscular System. kegg analysis of transcripts showed that physical exercise affected a high number of metabolic and signaling pathways, in particular those related to energy handling and mitochondrial biogenesis, where ampk and akt-mtor signaling pathways are both active and balance each other, concurring to the establishment of an insulin-sensitive phenotype and Hoffman et al. In this dataset we detected expression of 17,913 protein-coding genes that could be mapped among primate species (16,398 between primates and mouse), with 3,820 (3,720) of them linked to metabolites based on the Human Metabolome Database Version 3.0 (HMDB) annotation (Figure S6). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The V1 samples were dissected from the calcarine cortex (human and chimpanzee) or the occipital lobe (macaques), corresponding to Brodmann area 17. Each aliquot was concentrated to complete dryness in a speed vacuum centrifuge at room temperature. July 6, 2020 Not long after his sixteenth birthday, Fred Clay was arrested for the murder of a cab driver in Boston. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s020. $19.93. Functional modules comprised of metabolites and pathways showing human-specific changes in PFC. All selected monkeys had no medical history of abnormal behavior and were healthy, based on biochemical and blood tests. Proportions of metabolite concentration changes on the primate evolutionary lineages based on 2,5055,141 metabolite peaks with no zero concentration values in all individuals of all species in a given tissue. The strength of the pull was registered by an electronic scale placed on the shelf and attached to a rope connecting the handle and the weight. Accordingly, of the 10,615 detected metabolite peaks, 92% showed significant concentration differences among tissues (permutation p<0.01, false discovery rate (FDR)<1%), using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Featuring interviews with world-renowned scientists, each hour unfolds with a CSI-like forensic investigation into the life and death of a specific hominid ancestor. For further analysis we kept reads with alignment score >150 and, among those that mapped to two locations, only those with a difference in alignment score 5. RT of a peak in all samples within the range of 2 min around the median RT of this peak. She is still the woman who holds the record for having the smallest human waist, measuring 38.1 centimeters around about the size of a "regular jar of mayonnaise," her site says.