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[15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Manipulation in Dubbing: The Translation of English-language Films into He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. that the material was genuinely picky. ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". 'Rajatharangini' review: A Sanskrit classic from Kashmir revisited in all exact any . Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. 2011 Duke University Press You can try more lenient search to get some results. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. Verse 14. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. They cannot be abusive or personal. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Jonaraja Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Son of Hiranyakula. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Zain-ul-Abidin - Wikipedia Was this answer helpful? In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. 1 He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. [citation needed]. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Verse 15. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. All rights reserved. Verse 12. Report Error Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. Nothing is known about his origin. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. Who translated Ramayana into Persian language? - Toppr Ask He was known for his religious tolerance. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. 23 February 2011. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? - GKToday Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. . Persian Literature During Delhi Sultanate - MCQ Books The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Render date: 2023-03-04T12:29:12.553Z In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. No examples found, consider adding one please. Who translated Ramayana into Persian? | Indian History - Sawaal In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. field of Asian Studies. In 1380 C.E. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. Request Permissions. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. Verse 13. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Subscribe here. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. Feature Flags: { In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Jizya was abolished too in his command. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time).